Softer, more acidic
Infant formula with scGOS/lcFOS (9:1) significantly stimulates the growth of bifidobacteria and
lactobacilli similar to breast milk.
Stools also become softer and
the pH decreases.
Number of children who required 2 or more antibiotic courses during their first year was also significantly lower with scGOS/lcFOS (9:1)
Resulted in fewer infections and reduced need for antibiotics after 2 years with scGOS/lcFOS (9:1)
Infant formula with scGOS/lcFOS (9.1) in the first six months reduced the risk of allergic manifestations up to 5 years.
Critical in enhancing immune function.
Involved in development of immune system.
Regulatory role in cellular and humoral immune response.
Therapeutic effect in treatment of various infections.
Plays immune-enhancing role. Regulates immune system via antioxidant properties, stabilizes epithelial barriers, important for function of cellular immunity.
Deficiency can impair immune defences in children.
Pleiotropic actions serve immunoregulatory role.
Adequate serum levels facilitate immune defense against
bacterial and viral infections.
Deficiency linked to increased respiratory infections.
Changes in iron status affect immune response
Both iron deficiency and iron excess influence innate and
adaptive immunity
Direct effect on growth and virulence of microbial
pathogens